The Haber-Bosch method is costly for the mass production of ammonia. The pursuit of a high-efficiency production process combined with the desirable use of renewables has driven the development of alternative methods. Ponikvar et al, ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 2022, 5, 5, 5457–5472.

For Qatar – a country that aims to diversify its economy, which is highly dependent on hydrocarbon revenues, and to reduce its carbon emission levels – deploying an ammonia economy would enable the country to meet these goals. This study suggests a roadmap to an ammonia economy for Qatar. Al-Breiki & Bicer, Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy Volume 18, 2023 -Issue 1.

High specific energy consumption (SEC) is the main barrier for the expansion of seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO). Therefore, the main objective of current SWRO research is to lower the SEC of SWRO plants. Kim et al Applied Energy Volume 254, 15 November 2019.

The Haber–Bosch ammonia synthesis loop can enable a second ammonia revolution as energy vector by replacing the CO2 intensive methane-fed process with hydrogen produced by water splitting using renewable electricity. Colin Smith et all, Journal of energy and Environmental Science, Vol2 2020.

Hydrogen is not directly a greenhouse gas, but its chemical reactions change the abundances of the greenhouse gases methane, ozone, and stratospheric water vapor, as well as aerosols. We estimate a hydrogen GWP100 of 11.6 ± 2.8. Sands et al, Nature Communications Earth & Environment 2023.

Large scale production of hydrogen / ammonia in hot, dry countries may use desalinated seawater, causing the creation of waste brines requiring disposal. This review sets out the options, proposes principles of good practice, and explores the possibility of mining valuable elements from salt wastes. Backer et al, Sustainability 2022.