Publications
Geopolitics of the Energy Transformation. The Hydrogen Factor
IRENA report on the geopolitics of the Energy Transformation
2022
Cross-border trading of hydrogen will increase in the 2030s, at pace with the cost-competitiveness of green hydrogen. IRENA envisages that two-thirds of green hydrogen production in 2050 would be used locally, and one-third traded across borders. Ammonia is the most promising vector for hydrogen transport via ship. Half of 410mn t of hydrogen is expected to be moved as ammonia by 2050.
The Future of Hydrogen
2021
Towards more sustainable nitrogen fertiliser production. Scenario analysis to explore three possible futures for ammonia production. The Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario describes a trajectory for the ammonia industry that is compatible with reaching net zero emissions globally for the energy system by 2050.
A Pathway to Decarbonise the Shipping
2021
Key messages include:
The sector’s decarbonisation strategy must involve a combination of energy efficiency and renewable fuels.
Renewable e-ammonia will play a pivotal role; where 183 million tonnes of renewable ammonia for international shipping alone will be needed by 2050 - a comparable amount to today’s ammonia global production.
In the next decades renewable fuels will become cost competitive
Impact of grid connectivity on cost and location of green ammonia production: Australia as a case study
Energy Environ. Sci., 2021, 14, 6655
2021
MILP model to optimise the production cost of green ammonia in Australia. Costs are economically justified based on buying and selling electricity from the grid. A grid connection can reduce the minimum Levelised Cost of Ammonia (LCOA) by almost 11%.